Brief Overview of the History of the US 美国简史

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The area that is today the United States was inhabited for thousands of years by various tribal peoples. The first European to arrive in the area was Christopher Columbus and the first to make landfall was Ponce de Leon who landed at Florida. France laid claim to the interior of the United States, while Spain claimed what is now the Southwest. 

今天美国所处的地方在历史上由不同的部落居住了几千年。第一个到达该地区的欧洲人是克里斯托弗·哥伦布，但是第一个登陆的欧洲人则是庞斯·德莱昂，他在佛罗里达登陆。之后法国宣称美国内陆属于自己的，而西班牙则对西南部地区宣示了主权。

Virginia Colony in Jamestown in 1607

1607年詹姆斯敦的弗吉尼亚

The first English settlement was the Virginia Colony in Jamestown in 1607. A few years later, in 1620, the Pilgrims arrived and founded Plymouth Colony. Eventually, England would have 13 colonies in eastern North America. By the 1700s the American colonies were growing unhappy with what they called "taxation without representation". In 1776, the United States declared its independence from England. The American Revolutionary War for independence would follow and, with the help of France, the colonies defeated England.

1607年英国在美国的第一个殖民地是詹姆斯敦的弗吉尼亚。数年后，1620年，早期移民在普利茅斯并建立了殖民地。后来英国在现在美国的东北部建立了13个殖民地。到18世纪，当地居民对英国的殖民政策越来越不满，尤其是对在纳税问题上没有发言权非常不满意。1776年，美国宣布脱离英国独立，爆发了美国独立革命战争。在法国的帮助下，美国殖民地打败了英国。

American Civil War 美国内战

In 1861, the United States experienced a civil war when the southern states tried to secede from the Union. They were defeated after a bloody war and the country remained together. The country continued to industrialize and in the 1900s became one of the world's industrial leaders. 

1861年，因南方各州试图脱离联邦，美国内战爆发。南方在一场血战后被打败，国家得以维持统一，并继续其工业化进程，至20世纪成为世界最强工业国之一。

In both world wars, the United States tried to remain neutral but ended up on the side of the United Kingdom and the Allies. In World War II, it was the bombing of Pearl Harbor by the Japanese that forced the US to enter the war. The US developed nuclear weapons and used 2 of them to bomb Japan, effectively ending the war and starting a cold war with the communist Soviet Union. 

在两次世界大战初期，美国都试图保持中立，但最终都加入了英国和盟国。第二次世界大战时，是日本对珍珠港的偷袭迫使美国参战。后来美国研发了核武器，并用其中两枚轰炸了日本，有效地结束了战争，随后与共产主义苏联开始了冷战。

In the late 1900s, the United States became one of the world's superpowers. The other superpower was the Soviet Union. Both countries had nuclear weapons. The two countries fought a Cold War for many years where battles were fought by spies, by a race for the most weapons, and in proxy wars like the Korean War, the Vietnam War, and Soviet-Afghanistan War. 

20世纪后期，美国成为世界超级大国之一。另一个超级大国是苏联。两国都拥有核武器。这两个国家打了多年的冷战，战争形式主要有间谍战、军备战，以及代理战如朝鲜战、越南战和苏联阿富汗战争。

Timeline of the history of the United States 美国历史时间轴

Long ago, small tribal peoples developed across the United States. The Woodland Period begins including the Adena culture and the Hopewell peoples. The Mississippian culture develops along the Mississippi River and the Ohio River. These people are known for building large mounds which can still be seen today.

很久以前，美国各地都生活着不同的部落。林地时期有亚丁纳文化和霍普韦尔人。密西西比文化发展于密西西比河和俄亥俄河流域。这些部族建造的大土堆至今仍然存在。

1400s

The United States is inhabited by various historic tribes across the land such as the Apache, Cherokee, Chickasaw,Navajo, and Sioux.

15世纪，美国居住着许多历史悠久的部落，如阿帕奇、切罗基、奇卡索、纳瓦霍和苏奥克斯族。

Tribes occupying what is now the US before Europeans Immigrants Arrived

在欧洲移民到来之前居住在美国的各部落

Vikings 维京人

The Vikings were probably the first white people to reach America. They believed to have explored part of the east coast of North America about 1,000 years ago. However, the exploration and settlement of America by Europeans did not begin for another 500 years. 

维京人可能是第一批到达美国的白人。据信，他们在大约1000年前已经勘探了北美东海岸的一部分。然而，欧洲人对美国的探索和定居则在此后500年后才开始。

Chinese 中国人

John A. Ruskamp Jr., Ed.D., identified  readable message preserved by petroglyphs likely inscribed by a group of Chinese explorers thousands of years ago. On the fringe of archaeology have long been claims that the Chinese reached North America long before Europeans. The disparate and widespread symbols he has found show many indications of authenticity. 

约翰·A·鲁斯坎普（John A. Ruskamp Jr.，Ed.D.）从一些原始岩画中解读出一些信息，这些岩画很可能是数千年前一群中国探险家所刻。长期以来，考古学界一直认为中国人早在欧洲人之前就到达了北美。他发现的不同而广泛的符号证明了其真实性。

Albuquerque petroglyphs

阿尔伯克基岩画

To date, Ruskamp has identified over 82 petroglyphs matching unique ancient Chinese scripts not only at multiple sites in Albuquerque, New Mexico, but also nearby in Arizona, as well as in Utah, Nevada, California, Oklahoma, and Ontario. Collectively, he believes that most of these artifacts were created by an early Chinese exploratory expedition, although some appear to be reproductions made by Native people for their own purposes.

迄今为止，Ruskamp 已经鉴定了超过82个岩画，不仅在新墨西哥阿尔伯克基的多个地点，而且在亚利桑那、犹他、内华达、加利福尼亚、奥克拉荷马和安大略都有独特的古汉语文字。总的来说，他认为这些文物大多是由中国早期的探险队创造的，尽管有些似乎是土著人为自己的目的而复制的。

Africans 非洲人

Olmec Shaped Head Statue in Mexico

墨西哥奥尔梅克头像塑像

Evidence of African presence in America before Columbus comes from the pen of Columbus himself. In 1920, a renowned American historian and linguist, Leo Weiner of Harvard University, in his book, Africa and the discovery of America, explained how Columbus noted in his journal that Native Americans had confirmed that “black skinned people had come from the south-east in boats, trading in gold-tipped spears.”

哥伦布之前非洲人在美洲存在的最有力证据来自哥伦布本人的记述。在1920年，美国著名历史学家和语言学家、哈佛大学的利奥·韦纳在其著作《非洲在美洲的发现中的作用》中解释了哥伦布是如何在其日记中指出，美洲土著人证实“黑皮人是从东南部乘船来的并以金尖矛跟他们交易。”

In 1311 AD, another major wave of African exploration to the New World was led by King Abubakari II, the ruler of the fourteenth century Mali Empire. The king sent out 200 ships of men, crops, animals, cloth and crucially African knowledge of astronomy, religion and the arts to explore the Atlantic. There are still evidence of trade and exchanges between the Americans and Africans to date.

公元1311年，14世纪马里帝国的统治者阿布巴卡里二世国王领导了另一波非洲探索新世界的大潮。国王派遣了200艘船的人，带着农作物，动物，布匹和至关重要的非洲天文技术，宗教和艺术知识探索大西洋。至今仍有证据表明历史上美洲和非洲之间有过跨大西洋的贸易和交流的关系。

1492 Christopher Columbus discovers the Americas.

1492年，克里斯托弗·哥伦布发现了美洲。

In 1492, Christopher Columbus sailed westward from Spain, seeking a short sea route to the Orient. He found, instead, a vast New World. Following Columbus' voyage, explorers, soldiers, and settlers from several European countries flocked to America. The process through which white people would take control of the native tribal people homeland was underway.

1492年，克里斯托弗·哥伦布从西班牙向西航行寻找一条通往东方的短途航线。然而，他发现了一个广阔的新世界。哥伦布之后，来自几个欧洲国家的探险家、士兵和殖民者涌向美洲。欧洲人控制本地人和他们的土地就是从这个时候开始了。

1513, Juan Ponce de Leon visits Florida.

1513年，胡安·庞斯·德莱昂到达佛罗里达州。

Juan Ponce de Leon founded the first European settlement on what is today Puerto Rico and is credited to be the first European to reach Florida in 1513. He did not realize that he had landed on the mainland of North America and he thought it was an island. He named it Florida because he discovered it at Easter time which is known in Spanish as "Pascua Florida".

1513年，胡安·庞斯·德莱昂在现在的波多黎各建立了第一个欧洲殖民地，并被认为是第一个到达佛罗里达的欧洲人。当时他没有意识到他已经登陆了北美大陆，而以为那是一个岛屿，遂把它命名为弗罗里达，因为他在复活节时发现了它，在西班牙语中复活节是“Pascua Florida”。

1540 Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto explores the Southeast.

1540年西班牙探险家 Hernando deSoto 探险东南部。

Hernando de Soto was a Spanish explorer and is best known for leading the first Spanish and European expedition deep into the territory of the modern-day United States. He is the first European documented as having crossed the Mississippi River.

埃尔南多·德索托是一位西班牙探险家，以带领第一支西班牙和欧洲远征队深入现代美国领土而闻名。他是第一个被记载穿越密西西比河的欧洲人。

1565 St. Augustine is established as the first permanent settlement in the United States.

1565年，圣奥古斯丁建立，是美国第一个永久性定居点。

A fort in St. Augustine, It was constructed in 1672

圣奥古斯丁的一座堡垒，建于1672年

On September 8, 1565, Pedro Menéndez de Avilés landed on the shore of what is now called Matanzas Bay and began the founding of the Presidio of San Agustin. Later the settlement would be called St. Augustine, Florida. Built near the place where Ponce de Leon, the European discoverer of Florida, landed in 1513. 

1565年9月8日，Pedro Mennendez de Avilés登陆了现在被称为马坦萨斯湾的海岸并开始建立圣阿古斯丁。后来这地方被称为佛罗里达州的圣奥古斯丁，位于1513年庞斯·德莱昂（Ponce de Leon）发现和登陆美国大陆的佛罗里达附近。

1607 The Jamestown settlement is founded by John Smith.

1607年，约翰·史密斯建立詹姆斯敦定居点。

Jamestown on May 24, 1607, became the first permanent English settlement in North America. Jamestown was located on an island in the James River in what is now Virginia.

1607年5月24日，詹姆斯敦成为英国在北美的第一个永久定居点。詹姆斯敦位于现在弗吉尼亚州詹姆士河的一个岛上。

1620 The May flower lands with the pilgrims at Plymouth.

1620年，五月花载着清教徒在普利茅斯登陆。

Artist depiction of pilgrims landing in Plymouth

艺术家描绘的清教徒登陆普利茅斯

On December 18, 1620, the British ship Mayflower lands at modern-day Plymouth, Massachusetts, and its passengers prepared to begin their new settlement, Plymouth Colony. After exploring the region, they chose a cleared area previously occupied by members of a local Native American tribe, the Wampanoag. The tribe had abandoned the village several years earlier, after an outbreak of European disease. That winter of 1620-1621 was brutal, as the Pilgrims struggled to build their settlement, find food and ward off sickness. By spring, 50 of the original 102 Mayflower passengers were dead. The remaining settlers made contact with returning members of the Wampanoag tribe and in March they signed a peace treaty with a tribal chief, Massasoit. Aided by the Wampanoag, especially the English-speaking Squanto, the Pilgrims were able to plant crops–especially corn and beans–that were vital to their survival. The Mayflower and its crew left Plymouth to return to England on April 5, 1621.

1620年12月18日，英国“五月花”号船在现在的马萨诸塞州普利茅斯登陆，乘客们准备开始建立他们的新殖民地-普利茅斯殖民地。在探索了这个地区之后，定居者们选择了一个以前被当地土著美洲部落万帕诺亚格人居住的空地。此前，这个村庄被欧洲人带来的疾病袭击，该部落几年前就放弃了这个村庄。1620-1621年的冬天非常残酷，五月花号殖民者努力建造定居点，寻找食物和抵御疾病。到了春天，最初的102名五月花号乘客中已有50人死亡。其余的定居者与返回的万帕诺亚格部落取得了联系，并于3月与部落首领马萨索伊特签署了和平条约。在万帕诺亚格的帮助下，特别是会说英语的Squanto，清教徒们得以在这里种植对他们的生存至关重要的作物，特别是玉米和豆类。1621年4月5日，五月花号及其船员离开普利茅斯返回英国。

1629 The Massachusetts Bay Colony is founded.

1629年，马萨诸塞湾殖民地建立。

Britain established the colony of Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629. 

英国于1629年建立了马萨诸塞湾殖民地。

1754 The war begins between France and Great Britain. Both ally with different Native American tribes.

1754年，法国和英国之间的战争开始，两国均与美洲不同的土著部落结盟。

In the 1750s tensions between the French and English rose because both sides claimed large areas of Nova Scotia, the French had built what the British considered illegal forts and had worked to incite French-speaking colonists to insurrection against their British rulers. Also known as the French-Indian War, the war broke up and was fought between Britain and France, along with their respective colonists and allied Indian groups, for control of land in North America. Occurring from 1754 to 1763, it helped trigger – and then formed part of the Seven Years War. 

在17世纪50年代，由于双方都声称拥有新斯科舍省的大片土地，法国和英国之间的紧张关系加剧，法国人建造了英国人认为是非法的堡垒，并致力于煽动讲法语的殖民者反抗英国统治者。这场战争也被称为法印战争，它在英法两国之间以及各自的殖民者和当地人同盟军之间爆发，目的是控制北美的土地。从1754年到1763年，它引发了七年战争。

1763 The British win the French and Indian War gaining most of France's territory in North America，

1763年，英国获胜，并占领了法国在北美的大部分领土。

1765 The British government imposes the Stamp Act on the colonies. The colonies protest with the Stamp Act Congress.

1765年，英国政府对殖民地实施印花法。殖民地抗议印花法大会。

1770 The Boston Massacre occurs.

1770年，波士顿大屠杀。

Boston Massacre as illustrated by Granger

格兰杰描绘的波士顿大屠杀

The Boston Massacre is also known as the Incident on King Street, was a confrontation on March 5, 1770, in which British soldiers shot and killed several people while being harassed by a mob in Boston. British troops had been stationed in the Province of Massachusetts Bay since 1768 in order to support crown-appointed officials and to enforce unpopular Parliamentary legislations.

波士顿大屠杀又称国王街事件，是1770年3月5日的一次对峙，英国士兵在波士顿被暴民骚扰时开枪打死数人。自1768年以来，英国军队一直驻扎在马萨诸塞湾省，以支持皇室任命的官员和执行不受欢迎的议会立法。

1773 Bostonians protest the Tea Act with the Boston Tea Party dumping tea into the Boston Harbor.

1773年，波士顿茶党在波士顿港倾倒茶叶，波斯顿人抗议《茶叶法》。

The Boston Tea Party was a political and mercantile protest by the Sons of Liberty in Boston, Massachusetts, on December 16, 1773. The target was the Tea Act of May 10, 1773, which allowed the British East India Company to sell tea from China in American colonies without paying taxes apart from those imposed by the Townshend Acts. American Patriots strongly opposed the taxes in the Townshend Act as a violation of their rights. Demonstrators, some disguised as Native Americans, destroyed an entire shipment of tea sent by the East India Company.

波士顿茶党是1773年12月16日自由之子在马萨诸塞州波士顿举行的一次政治和商业抗议。目标是1773年5月10日的《茶叶法》，该法允许英国东印度公司在美国殖民地销售来自中国的茶叶，除《汤森法案》规定的税收外，不需纳税。美国爱国者强烈反对在汤森法案，认为这是对他们权利的侵犯。示威者，一些伪装成美洲原住民，摧毁了东印度公司运送的一整批茶叶。

1775 The Revolutionary War begins with the Battle of Lexington and Concord. The Second Continental Congress is held. The Battle of Bunker Hill occurs.

1775，革命战争从列克星敦和康科德开始。第二届大陆会议召开。碉堡山战役打响。

The Battles of Lexington and Concord were the first military engagements of the American Revolutionary War. The battles were fought on April 19, 1775 in Middlesex County, Province of Massachusetts Bay, within the towns of Lexington, Concord, Lincoln, Menotomy, and Cambridge. They marked the outbreak of armed conflict between the Kingdom of Great Britain and its thirteen colonies in America.

莱克星顿和康科德的战争是美国独立战争的第一次军事交战。战斗在1775年4月19日设立马萨诸塞湾省的米德尔塞克斯县，在莱克星顿、康科德、林肯、门诺米和剑桥的城镇内进行。这次英国和其在美国的十三个殖民地之间爆发了武装冲突。

1776 The American colonies declare their independence as the United States of America.

1776年，美国殖民地宣布独立建立美利坚合众国。

Declaration of independence

独立宣言

In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence, which proclaimed the independence of the United States of America from Great Britain and its king.

在宾夕法尼亚州费城，美国大陆会议通过了《独立宣言》，宣布美利坚合众国脱离英国及其国王独立。

1781 The British surrender at Yorktown, Virginia. The Articles of the Confederation were ratified by the colonies.

英国在弗吉尼亚州约克敦投降。殖民地通过了建立联邦的条款。

The siege of Yorktown ended on October 19, 1781, at Yorktown, Virginia. It was a decisive victory by a combined force of American Continental Army troops led by General George Washington and French Army troops led by the Comte de Rochambeau over a British army commanded by British peer and Lieutenant General Charles Cornwallis.

1781年10月19日，在弗吉尼亚州约克镇，约克镇的围攻结束。这是由乔治·华盛顿将军率领的美国大陆军队和罗尚博伯爵率领的法国陆军联军对英国的查尔斯·康沃利斯中将指挥的英国军队取得决定性胜利。

1783 The Revolutionary War officially ends with the Treaty of Paris.

革命战争以巴黎条约正式结束。

The Treaty of Paris, signed in Paris by representatives of King George III of Great Britain and representatives of the United States of America on September 3, 1783, ended the American Revolutionary War. The treaty set the boundaries between the British Empire in North America and the United States of America.

1783年9月3日，英国国王乔治三世和美国代表在巴黎签署的《巴黎条约》结束了美国的革命战争。该条约规定了北美英国和美国之间的边界。

1787 The Constitution is adopted by the Constitutional Convention.

制宪会议通过了宪法。

The U.S. Constitution established America's national government and fundamental laws, and guaranteed certain basic rights for its citizens. It was signed on September 17, 1787, by delegates to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, presided over by George Washington. 

美国宪法确立了美国的国家政府和基本法律，保障了美国公民的某些基本权利。1787年9月17日，由乔治华盛顿（George Washington）主持的费城制宪会议代表签署。

1789 George Washington becomes the first President of the United States.

乔治华盛顿成为美国第一任总统。

George Washington served as the first president of the United States from 1789 to 1797. Previously, he led Patriot forces to victory in the nation's War for Independence. He presided at the Constitutional Convention of 1787 which established the U.S. Constitution and a federal government. 

乔治华盛顿于1789年至1797年担任美国第一任总统。此前，他率领爱国者军队在国家独立战争中取得胜利。他主持了1787年的制宪会议，建立美国宪法和联邦政府。

1791 The Bill of Rights is added to the Constitution as the first ten amendments.

《权利法案》作为第一个十项修正案被列入宪法。

The Bill of Rights was added to the United States Constitution to guarantee the protection of the people from a strong central government. It served as a compromise between the Federalists and Anti-Federalists to achieve the ratification of the Constitution.

美国宪法增加了《权利法案》，以保障人民免受强大中央政府的保护。它是联邦主义者和反联邦主义者之间的妥协，以实现宪法的批准。

1812 The War of 1812 begins against Great Britain.

1812 英美开始大战。

War of 1812, (June 18, 1812–February 17, 1815), fought between the United States and Great Britain over British violations of U.S. maritime rights. It ended with the exchange of ratifications of the Treaty of Ghent.

1812年的战争（1812年6月18日至1815年2月17日），美国和英国因英国侵犯美国海洋权利而交战。它以交换对根特条约的批准书而结束。

1815 U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson defeat the British at the Battle of New Orleans.

1815 安德鲁·杰克逊率领的美军在新奥尔良战役中击败英国。

The Battle of New Orleans was fought on January 8, 1815, between the British Army and the United States. It took place directly after the signing of the Treaty of Ghent on December 24, 1814, before news of the treaty could reach the United States. American troops defeated a poorly executed British assault on New Orleans in slightly more than 30 minutes, despite the British having a large advantage in training, experience, and fielded troops.

新奥尔良战役是1815年1月8日英军和美国之间的战争。它在开始于1814年12月24日，就刚刚美英签署根特条约之后因为那时该条约的消息还没传到美国。美国军队在30多分钟内击败了英国对新奥尔良执行不力的进攻，尽管英国在训练、经验和其它方面有很大优势。

1838

The Cherokee Nation is forced to march from the Southeast to Oklahoma in what is known as the Trail of Tears.

切罗基民族被迫从东南部向俄克拉荷马州迁移，这就是历史上的“血泪之路”。

1849

Prospectors travel to California in the California Gold Rush. More about this on the up coming article about California gold rush.

探矿者在加利福尼亚淘金热中前往加利福尼亚。在即将讨论关于加利福尼亚淘金热的文章中我们会更深的了解加利福尼亚淘金热。

1860

Abraham Lincoln is elected president.

亚伯拉罕·林肯当选总统。

Abraham Lincoln served as the 16th president of the United States from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. Lincoln led the nation through the American Civil War, its bloodiest war and its greatest moral, constitutional, and political crisis. He preserved the Union, abolished slavery, strengthened the federal government, and modernized the U.S. economy.

亚伯拉罕·林肯从1861年3月到1865年4月被暗杀担任美国第16任总统。林肯带领美国经历了内战、最血腥的战争以及最严重的道德、宪法和政治危机。他维护了联邦，废除了奴隶制，加强了联邦政府，并使美国经济现代化。

1861

The American Civil War begins.

美国内战开始。

The American Civil War was a civil war in the United States from 1861 to 1865, fought between the northern United States and the southern United States. The civil war began primarily as a result of the long-standing controversy over the enslavement of black people. War broke out in April 1861 when forces attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina shortly after Abraham Lincoln had been inaugurated as the President of the United States. 

美国内战是美国从1861年到1865年的一场内战，发生在美国北部和南部之间。内战的爆发主要是由于长期以来关于奴役黑人的争论。1861年4月，亚伯拉罕·林肯就任美国总统后不久，南卡罗来纳州的萨姆特堡遭到军队袭击，战争爆发。

1863

The Union Army wins the Battle of Gettysburg. Lincoln issues the Emancipation Proclamation freeing the slaves in the South.

联军在葛底斯堡战役中获胜。林肯发布废奴宣言，解放南方的奴隶。

1865

The American Civil War comes to an end with General Robert E. Lee surrendering at the Appomattox Court House. President Abraham Lincoln is assassinated.

美国内战结束，南方的罗伯特·E·李将军在阿波马托克斯法院投降。当年林肯总统遇刺身亡。

1865

Slavery is outlawed by the Thirteenth Amendment.

第十三修正案宣布奴隶制为非法。

1876

Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone.

亚历山大·格雷厄姆·贝尔发明电话。

Alexander Graham Bell was a Scottish-born American inventor, scientist, and engineer who is credited with inventing and patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company in 1885.

亚历山大·格雷厄姆·贝尔是一位出生于苏格兰的美国发明家、科学家和工程师，他被认为发明并获得了第一部实用电话的专利。1885年，他还与人共同创立了美国电话电报公司。

1903

Wright Brothers invent the airplane and make their first flight at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.

莱特兄弟发明飞机，并在北卡罗来纳州的凯蒂霍克进行了首次飞行。

1917

The United States joins World War I on the side of the Allies declaring war on Germany.

美国加入第一次世界大战，站在盟国一边对德国宣战。

The United States declared war on Germany on April 6, 1917, more than two years after World War I started. A ceasefire and Armistice was declared on November 11, 1918. Before entering the war, the U.S. had remained neutral, though it had been an important supplier to the United Kingdom, France, and the other Allied powers. 

1917年4月6日，在第一次世界大战爆发两年多后，美国向德国宣战。1918年11月11日宣布停火和停战。在进入战争之前，美国一直保持中立，尽管它是英国、法国和其他盟国的重要供应者。

1920

Women gain the right to vote through the Nineteenth Amendment.

妇女通过第十九修正案获得投票权。

The Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits the states and the federal government from denying the right to vote to citizens of the United States on the basis of sex. Initially introduced to Congress in 1878, several attempts to pass a women's suffrage amendment failed until passing the House of Representatives on May 21, 1919, followed by the Senate on June 4, 1919. It was then submitted to the states for ratification. On August 18, 1920, Tennessee was the last of the necessary 36 states to secure ratification. The Nineteenth Amendment was officially adopted on August 26, 1920.

美国宪法第十九修正案禁止各州和联邦政府以性别为由剥夺美国公民的投票权。最初于1878年引入国会，几次试图通过妇女选举权修正案的尝试都以失败告终，直到1919年5月21日众议院通过，1919年6月4日参议院通过。然后提交各国批准。1920年8月18日，田纳西州是最后一个获得批准的第36个州。第十九修正案于1920年8月26日正式通过。

1939

World War II begins. The U.S. is initially neutral.

第二次世界大战开始。美国在初期保持中立。

1941

The Japanese bomb Pearl Harbor. The U.S. joins World War II on the side of the Allies.

日本轰炸珍珠港。美国站在盟国一边加入第二次世界大战。

After the December 7, 1941, Japanese attack on the American naval fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, the U.S. was pushed into World War II (1939-45), and everyday life across the country was dramatically altered. Food, gas and clothing were rationed. Communities conducted scrap metal drives. To help build the armaments necessary to win the war, women found employment as electricians, welders and riveters in defense plants. Japanese Americans had their rights as citizens stripped from them. People in the U.S. grew increasingly dependent on radio reports for news of the fighting overseas. The US Officially entered into World War 2.

1941年12月7日，日本对美国夏威夷珍珠港海军舰队的进攻比美国参加第二次世界大战（1939-45），美国各地的日常生活发生了巨大变化。食物、煤气和衣服都是定量配给的。社区开展了废金属运动。为了帮助建立赢得战争所必需的军备，妇女在国防工厂开始从电工、电焊工和铆工工作。日裔美国人被剥夺了公民的权利。美国民众越来越依赖电台报道海外战事的消息。美国正式进入第二次世界大战。

1944

The U.S. takes part in the Invasion of Normandy.

美国参加诺曼底登陆。

1945

Germany surrenders and the U.S. drops atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan. World War II comes to an end.

德国投降，美国向日本广岛和长崎投下原子弹。第二次世界大战结束。

The United States detonated two nuclear weapons over the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9, 1945, respectively, with the consent of the United Kingdom, as required by the Quebec Agreement. The two bombings killed between 129,000 and 226,000 people, most of whom were civilians, and remain the only use of nuclear weapons in armed conflict. In effect ending the second world war.

1945年8月6日和9日，美国根据魁北克协议的要求，经联合王国同意，分别在日本广岛和长崎上空引爆了两枚核武器。这两起爆炸造成12.9万至22.6万人死亡，其中大部分是平民，仍然是武装冲突中唯一使用核武器的地方，结束第二次世界大战。

1963

Martin Luther King, Jr. gives his "I have a dream" speech at the March on Washington.

马丁·路德·金在华盛顿游行上发表“我有一个梦想”演讲。

"I Have a Dream" is a public speech that was delivered by American civil rights activist Martin Luther King Jr. during the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom on August 28, 1963, in which he called for civil and economic rights and an end to racism in the United States. Delivered to over 250,000 civil rights supporters from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C., the speech was a defining moment of the civil rights movement and among the most iconic speeches in American history.

《我有一个梦想》是1963年8月28日美国民权活动家马丁·路德·金在华盛顿争取就业和自由的游行中发表的一篇公开演讲，他在演讲中呼吁公民权利和经济权利以及结束美国的种族主义。在华盛顿特区林肯纪念堂的台阶上，其演讲在超过25万名民权支持者，是民权运动的一个决定性时刻，也是美国历史上最具标志性的演讲之一。

1969

Neil Armstrong becomes the first man to walk on the Moon.

尼尔·阿姆斯特朗成为月球漫步第一人。

We've all looked to the heavens and dreamed of walking on the moon. On July 20, 1969, as part of the Apollo 11 mission, Neil Armstrong became the very first human to accomplish that dream, followed only minutes later by Buzz Aldrin. Their accomplishment placed the United States ahead of the Soviets in the Space Race and gave people around the world the hope of future space exploration.

我们都仰望天空，盼望着在月球上行走。1969年7月20日，作为阿波罗11号任务的参与者，尼尔·阿姆斯特朗成为第一个实现这一梦想的人，几分钟后，巴兹·奥尔德林（Buzz Aldrin）也追成为第二个实现这个梦想。他们的成就使美国在探索太空方面领先于苏联，同时也给了全世界人民未来太空探索的希望。

End

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